Language And Communication Development

Language And Communication Development At first, this exposition represents the significance of play by portraying its classes. Play hypotheses are quickly exhibited and partitioned into old style and contemporary ones. From that point, it makes reference to the attributes of language through the speculations of two exceptionally regarded researchers, Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, so as to comprehend the connection among's language and play improvement. It additionally outlines the presence of nine essential relational abilities and why non-verbal and verbal correspondence is so significant. In addition, this exposition examines research which clarifies the immediate connection between play, language and correspondence. Through nitty gritty references, the possibility that the job of play is remarkable in a childs advancement is upheld. Next it represents the significance of finger, emulate and rhyme play to clarify that even the most well-known games have a noteworthy job in language and correspondence improvement. To wr ap things up, it investigates how play strengthens the proficiency advancement lastly exhibits the assessment of the author. The Importance of Play Seemingly, have is an indispensable influence of childrens improvement which has numerous ramifications in their lives. Regardless of the trouble of alluding to a regularly acknowledged definition, have is a crucial impact of the creating kid (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). It is a principal activity which happens for the duration of childrens lives and is partitioned into two classes, free play and organized play. To be precise, free play is an activity where the youngster can pick the guidelines and the type of play, without the support and the commitment of a grown-up. Consequently, the kid turns into the pioneer of play (Tassoni Hucker, 2000). In addition, numerous specialists have asserted that free play offers progressively instructive chances to kids. Though organized play is characterized as an activity which is coordinated by grown-ups and constrains childrens learning possibilities. Grown-ups are heroes and have an essential job in this kind of play. Consequently, Thomas, Howard and Miles demonstrated by an examination they directed, that free play, at the end of the day perky mode play, is fit for encouraging childrens capacity to learn. They express that through this mode childrens correspondence is profited, in light of the fact that perkiness makes the capacity to improve different sorts of practices. Therefore, instructive settings utilize the fun loving technique to encourage childrens language and correspondence improvement (McInnes Howard Miles Crowley, 2009). It is of significance to make reference to that there are play speculations which are isolated into two classifications, old style and present day hypotheses of play. Specifically, old style hypotheses comprise of the Surplus Energy Theory, Recreational or Relaxation Theory, Pre-practice Theory and the Recapitulation Theory of play (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011 Stagnitti, 2004 Tassoni Hucker, 2000). Current speculations finished up by the Arousal Modulation Theories of Play, the Psychodynamic Theories of Play, the Cognitive Developmental Theories of Play and the Sociocultural hypotheses of Play. The last classification is isolated into two sub-classifications which are the Play as Socialization and the Metacommunicative Theory (Stagnitti, 2004). Additionally, there are five sorts of play, which are refered to as physical play, play with objects, emblematic play, socio-sensational/affectation play and games with rules (Whitebread, 2012). The over five kinds of play help kids to extend their capacities in the language and correspondence area, yet in addition in the physical, psychological, social and passionate space (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). As indicated by the steady advancement of language and correspondence, play and its advantages in this space must be investigated inside and out, so as to assess childrens formative possibilities through play. Language and Communication Language is a solid specialized instrument (Moyles, 1989) which cultivates childrens capacities. Through language we can live the past once more, assess the future and utilize this imperative device when we face complex circumstances (Crain, 2000). Additionally, numerous formative scholars have attempted to clarify, how kids embrace base capacities as they grow up and some of them, have given extraordinary accentuation to the language and correspondence advancement and how it is identified with play. They have assessed childrens advancement from birth to adulthood. Vygotsky, who was described as the Mozart of Psychology (Gray MacBlain, 2012, p.85), guaranteed in his social constructivism hypothesis, that language is the social apparatus which encourages the procedures of reasoning and learning. It was his firm conviction that kids must fathom language, so as to cooperate in the general public. Subsequently, as indicated by Vygotsky, play and language are interrelated (Moyles, 2005). Because of the way that through play kids ace relational abilities, they decipher the utilization of items and mirror the perspectives and the propensities for grown-ups (Gray MacBlain, 2012). Also, he expressed that kids gain information when they take an interest in social correspondence and thusly, they embrace new implications. Hence, as indicated by Vygotsky, youngsters act in the zone of proximal turn of events (Whitebread, 1996), which implies that each kid has restricted potential while achieving a movement however he can extend his aptitudes with reasonable assistance (Lindon, 2001). Be that as it may, another regarded researcher Piaget didn't lay accentuation, as Vygotsky did, on the significance of language during childrens improvement. Piaget expressed that language component is utilized by the little youngster just to communicate some essential fulfillments and not to cultivate progressively complex capacities, for example, thought and rationale (Gray MacBlain, 2012). Besides, Piagets conclusions didn't advance childrens capacities; rather he underestimated them, by applying exercises that were unreasonably intricate for kids skill (Whitebread, 1996). Despite what might be expected, a few researchers contend that childrens thought, begins to work coherently as they figure out how to utilize language. This happens in light of the fact that language abilities are hard for youngsters to acclimatize, yet when this steadily happens, rationale creates (Crain, 2000). By the by, Piaget didn't bolster the above thought by referencing that rationale gets from activitie s (Gray MacBlain, 2012). In light of the fact that language is a fundamental piece of correspondence, it is essential to pinpoint a portion of the aptitudes that youngsters create in this space. At the end of the day there are nine essential relational abilities. At first, youngsters figure out how to demand fortification, to demand help, to acknowledge and dismiss offers. Besides, they react to the request pause or no, they react to headings, follow a calendar lastly they can make a progress starting with one spot then onto the next (Frost Bondy, 2002). For example, when kids claim to be a patient in an emergency clinic, they realize when they need to stand by so as to be inspected by the specialist and they provide requests, for example, pause, remain, come. Correspondence is an intricate capacity. Prior to the development of words, youngsters can convey enough before embracing language creation and language understanding (Sheridan Sharma Cockerill, 2008). The above angle depicts the non-verbal correspondence type which is significant. Infants impart non-verbally to communicate their requirements. Outward appearances, non-verbal communication, proto-sounds and view of emotions are the properties of non-verbal correspondence (Whitehead, 1999). Thus, grown-ups begin to speak with kids at first non-verbally and in the end verbally. Examination demonstrates that discussion among kids and grown-ups which contains countless open inquiries is basic since youngsters have the chance to react to communicated in language. At the end of the day, when kids feel that they are dynamic members in a grown-up youngster discussion, they feel energetic which is remarkable for the improvement of language (Howard McInnes, approaching). Encouraging Language and Communication Skills through Play In the first place, contemplates have demonstrated that there is a solid association among language and play. An exploration which was directed in Japan in 1989, gave noteworthy indications that play and language are firmly corresponded. In particular, the four youngsters who partook in this examination were watched multiple times each in a free play mode, where the grown-ups had a uninvolved job. The aim of the investigation was to examine early language advancement and play improvement (Ogura, 1991). Subsequently, six highlights of language were shown so as to break down the discoveries better. These were the development of first words, naming words, jargon sprays, word-chains, useless two word articulations and the rise of profitable two-word expressions (Ogura, 1991 p.278). Besides, this exploration separated play into thirteen subcategories. The discoveries indicated that kids figured out how to acquire the capacity of naming words since they had been engaged with preverbal corr espondence. Additionally, kids started to name objects when the regular naming act class of play showed up. Besides, words and sounds have a solid relationship with one another. It was demonstrated that youngsters through the useful social control play and the holder social control play, figured out how to embrace the above significant capacity and the creation of first words too. In addition, it was expressed that early language improvement is identified with subsitutional play. Likewise, this examination represented that nature assumes a significant job in the advancement of representative play. Therefore, language is affected by social collaboration. In addition, childrens jargon sprays showed up in subsitutional play. Word-chains showed up when imagine doll play, subsitutional play and imagine other play occurred during the perceptions. What's more, the fifth language class showed up with arranged play and combinatorial emblematic play. The last language class was identified wit h arranged play (

Tennessee Williams Essay Example for Free

Tennessee Williams Essay Elia Kazan once said of Tennessee Williams that Everything in his life is in his plays, and everything in his plays is a major part of his life. This announcement couldn't in any way, shape or form be increasingly right as each principle character in A Street Car Named Desire whether it is their circumstance, physical depiction or character qualities can be connected to someone who had assumed a job in Williams life. Right off the bat, the connection among Stella and Stanley mirrors that of Williams own folks. His family life was wracked with rough contentions and a strained environment, which is obviously shown in the play by Mr and Mrs Kowalski. Stellas demeanor towards her marriage can be contrasted with that of Williams own mom Edwina. Stella says of Stanleys brutal conduct that individuals must endure every others propensities, I feel that Williams delineated his own mom while making Stella as he and his sister Rose regularly urged his mom to leave their oppressive dad yet she was inflexible to remain. It could be likewise said that the connection among Stella and her sister Blanche resembles the one Williams had with his sister Rose. Blanche is clearly intellectually unequal and requires steady consideration and consideration from Stella, anyway she is humiliated when Blanche is focused on the shelter asking Eunice, What have I done to my sister? This is an occasion in the play that would surely irritate Stella physiologically for an amazing remainder. This echoes Williamss life since his sister had a full frontal lobotomy performed on her with the assent of her mom, this profoundly upset Williams and I think there is a trace of this showed in Blanches mindset and Stellas perspectives towards it. He additionally dealt with his sister for most of her life as Stella accomplished for Blanche before she left Belle Reve and furthermore in the difficult months before she was submitted. Stella adores her sister and I think Williams felt a similar path for his sister Rose. Blanche is the fundamental character in the play however it tends to be hard to characterize how Williams would feel near her. I think anyway the issue of sexuality is the thing that his sympathy with Blanche is built of. Blanche is unbridled and parts with her affection uninhibitedly however the entirety of this is a direct result of past dismissal and sorrow. Blanche was hitched when she was exceptionally youthful however she got her significant other in bed with another man and when this was composed, homosexuality was viewed as nauseating, irregular and thought about a transgression. Williams was a gay and maybe this circumstance was his method of including his own emotions and issues that had influenced him into Blanches persona. After thought in any case, I really feel that Williams feels nearest to Stanley. Williams really had a dear companion named Stanley Kowalski when he had to work at the International Shoe Company for his dad. Despite the fact that he is viewed as the antagonist of the play, I think Williams saw his dad in Stanley. The viciousness he saw in his initial years clearly influenced him profoundly and maybe he felt that all relationships were in actuality dependent on want and sex rather than affection. Maybe this is the reason he was gay. Likewise, I think Stanley has a portion of indistinguishable qualities from his maker, Stanley is a substantial consumer and card shark and these are issues that afflicted Williams over an amazing span. No doubt Williams never had the advantage of reality with regards to his familys issues being hidden from him I think this is the reason he made Stanley such a pragmatist and permitted him to uncover Blanche. Obviously Williams was failing to expect an upbeat completion both in the play and his life. My own sentiments are in reality altogether different. In spite of the fact that I can comprehend why Williams would feel near Stanley I have no sympathy for the character myself. The individual I feel nearest to in the play is really Mitch. I might want to think Mitch could be characterized as the legend of the play; one of Blanches first perceptions of Mitch is that he appears to be not quite the same as the others. Mitch was Blanches pass to joy and in the event that it werent for Stanley the entirety of this could have been conceivable. I think the motivation behind why I feel so near Mitch is a result of his contacting conduct in Scene eleven. At the point when he understands what's going on to Blanche he takes steps to execute Stanley for what he has done yet his feelings and love for Blanche defeat him and he crumples at the table crying. Stanley might be the ruler yet Mitch is a person at any rate.

How to Use Words of Affirmation in Your Relationship

How to Use Words of Affirmation in Your Relationship Relationships Spouses & Partners Print How to Use Words of Affirmation in Your Relationship By Sherri Gordon facebook twitter Sherri Gordon is a published author and a bullying prevention expert. Learn about our editorial policy Sherri Gordon Updated on February 07, 2020 iStockphoto More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Actions speak louder than wordsâ€"unless of course, your partners love language is words of affirmation. In this case, words are everything. Whether they are written or spoken, a person whose primary love language is words of affirmation will place a lot of importance on what you have to say to them. Your words will speak volumes to them, even when you want them to just let things slide. In fact, it is not uncommon for simple phrases like Im thankful for... and I love how you... will go a long way in communicating how much they are appreciated. Your partner will especially appreciate compliments, heartfelt thank yous, handwritten notes, and hearing what they mean to others. The goal is to let partners know how much they mean to you, how they are different from others, and how much you care. Everything You Need to Know About the Five Love Languages A Closer Look at the Words of Affirmation Love Language When it comes to Gary Chapmans five love languages, words of affirmation is the most common love language, edging out quality time and acts of service. It also is the only love language that revolves around verbal expression. To people with this as their primary love language, they feel fulfilled when other shows their appreciation for them. Whats more, these compliments and words of encouragement do not have to be said directly to the person. A simple note or hand-written letter is appreciated just as much as a personal phone call. Another interesting fact about people with words of affirmation as their primary love language, is that they tend to be the people who notice and care about the details of other peoples lives. For instance, they may be the first to notice their partners new haircut. They also remember to ask the neighbor how their sick dog is doing. They may even remember to ask the cashier at the local supermarket if she is feeling any better. Those whose primary love language is words of affirmation are often sensitive and aware of their surroundings. They are the encouragers who know just what to say to make others feel better. And, they are hoping you can do the same for them. Tips on How to Speak This Love Language A sweet note laying in the middle of the kitchen counter; a post-it placed in the middle of the mirror; or a favorite poem verse tucked into a suitcaseâ€"these examples are just a few of the many different options that speak to a person with words of affirmation as their primary love language. If your partners primary love language is words of affirmation, you will need to find ways to communicate how much they mean to you. Here are some tips on how to speak this love language to your partner. Be Authentic People who have words of affirmation as their primary love language have a nose for B.S. So be sure you are authentic when talking with them. You want to be sure what youre saying to them is coming from the heart, because if you are making stuff up, they will be able to tell. Why Sharing Feelings With Your Spouse Is Worth the Emotional Risk Be Empathetic When it comes to words of affirmation, it is crucial that partners realize that you recognize how they are feeling, especially if they are feeling down. Think about what it would be like to walk in their shoes and then demonstrate that you know how they are feeling. Show Your Appreciation Usually, people who feel fulfilled by positive words and comments will thrive when people recognize and appreciate what they do. Whether it is how they do the laundry, the meal they cooked for dinner, or the fact that they spent three hours proofing your report, the key is to tell them in no uncertain terms how much you appreciate them. And if you are specific about what you really liked, this will warm their heart and fill their tank. So, dont hold back. Say I Love You A Lot People whose primary love language is words of affirmation never get tired of hearing I love you, from the people they care about. While many people often feel like the phrase is overused, a words of affirmation person will never get tired of hearing you say it, especially when you find new and creative ways to communicate your love. 10 Loving Phrases That Can Keep You and Your Partner in Love Mail Them a Letter While email is a great way to communicate when youre in a hurry, there is something still special about receiving a love letter in the mail. So, get out a pencil and paper and start writing. Your partner will be so surprised to receive the letter from you. And depending on what you write on the inside could be the beginning of something special. If a letter seems overwhelming, buy them a cute card and write a nice note inside. Post a Note Sometimes the best, and most efficient way, to communicate how much you love your partner is to use a post-it note and leave them a little message about how much they mean to you. If you want to get really creative, you could post a number of post-it notes in the shape of a heart or another figure on the bathroom mirror or the window of their car. Give Them a Shout Out Make sure you compliment your words of affirmation partner in front of other people. Tell them what makes you proud and what you really appreciate. Dont go overboard and embarrass your partner, but telling others how awesome you think your partner is will touch their heart in so many ways. So, dont be stingy with the compliments. This is a great way to fill your partners love tank. Point Out Their Strengths This is especially important when your partner is feeling down or discouraged. Giving them a pep talk and pointing out what you really like about them or what they do well speaks volumes to them. They need to know that you see value in who they are. Dial It Up When your partner is going through a tough time, it can be helpful for you to dial up the nice words. Be extra kind and loving while reminding your partner why they are important and what they mean to you. At all times, it is helpful to offer words of encouragement. These steps show them that you are there for them even in the rough patches of their life. Make Words of Affirmation a Habit Even if you are not a words of affirmation person, it is a good idea to make words of affirmation a daily habit. Perhaps you can begin each conversation with the pet name you have your partner. For example, you could say Good morning beautiful or How are you sweet pea. These terms of endearment may sound corny, but for a words of affirmation person, they will be special. Create a List If you find sharing words of affirmation difficult or if you feel like you do not have a large enough vocabulary, listen for affirming words and keep lists of them. This exercise will help you build a bank of kind words you can send to your partner. This exercise is especially useful for people that feel like they do not have a large enough vocabulary to come with something new and creative each time. What to Avoid if This Is Your Partners Love Language Because people with this love language find words to be extremely powerful, they also are highly sensitive to negative comments and criticisms. In fact, one harsh word can send people in the words of affirmation camp reeling. For this reason, people whose primary love language is words of affirmation are often extremely wounded and hurt by gaslighting, narcissistic people, and emotional abuse. Negative words, accusations, and criticisms are like daggers to their heart. Here are some other things to avoid doing if your partners primary love language is words of affirmation: Dont assume there is a perfect quote for every one of lifes situations.Dont try to take shortcuts in expressing love to them; they can tell when youre faking it.Dont be mean or hurtful with your words; they take them to heart.Dont make fun of them or tease them too intensely; they are sensitive.Dont be overly critical or condescending; they interpret this as being dumb or stupid.Dont withhold kind words as a punishment.Dont try to manipulate them with words or hit below the belt. A Word From Verywell Being loved and appreciated in a way that you understand is important in any relationship. But, it is especially true for people with the love language words of affirmation. They need to know that you love them, appreciate them, and will be there for them no matter what. When you find creative ways to share how you feel, you will be speaking directly to their heart. What better way to communicate that love and appreciation than through words of affirmation? Are You In a Healthy Relationship?

Communication Is A Complex Aspect Of Human Life - 898 Words

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Therefore, this analysis will focus on the role signals play in courtship. One will explore a total of five different sources of empirical evidence in order to gain a deeper understanding of why individuals may have evolved to produce and react to courtship signals. One will attempt to demonstrate that individuals have evolved to produce and react to courtship signals in order to be able to determine a potential mates interest. Though courtship signals may not guarantee that one will achieve aShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Human Language726 Words   |  3 PagesLanguage: The Key to Human Intelligence? Language is widely considered to be one of the most important and influential tools that humans use. It is seen by many as one of the defining factors of humanity, the ability to communicate with fellow humans and share ideas. However, there is a fair amount of new and exciting data that proves that humans are far from being the only species to utilize communication. 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Body Image Advertisements Are Targeting Towards Specific...

More and more people, including both females and males, start to care about and even concern about their own body images. As the body care, fashion, and fitness industries are thriving, we can see tons of advertisements delivering body images to attract customers. While the majority of them utilize models, athletes, celebrities or someone who has a perfect body to demonstrate the extraordinary effect of the products, there has been an increasing amount of advertisement campaigns that portray â€Å"real beauty† to encourage regular people to appreciate their own beauty. Interestingly, all these body-image advertisements are targeting towards specific gender groups. The difference in gender-based advertisement campaign strategies shows the stereotypes of male and female beauty that exist in the society, and male and female different levels of self-esteem and self-perception. While women are perceived to care a lot about outer beauty and be not confident about themselves, men are said to be more independent, confident and powerful as they can not only change their looks, but also value individualized personalities and capabilities more than their outlooks and masculinities. A typical example of women’s body image advertisement would be the ones from Victoria’s Secret. In 2013, Victoria’s Secret launched a sleek and simple advertisement. Half of the picture is just a portrait of a half-naked female model who represents the idealized physical attributes of a woman. She twists herShow MoreRelatedBrainwashing Youth : How Advertising Influences Children On Gender Images1496 Words   |  6 Pages Brainwashing Youth: How Advertising Influences Children on Gender Images For advertising companies, the topic of advertising to children is one that is very controversial and could lead to a lot of debate on whether it is even ethical to do so. 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Romeo Juliet Alternate Scene Free Essays

string(22) " could not have been\." Creative Writing Project Scene Writing BY: Timothy Stevenson Romeo has just arrived in Mantua after being banished permanently by the Prince because of the death of Tybalt. Tybalt was slain as revenge for the murder of his cousin Mercutio, who Tybalt killed earlier. The earlier events of the play included Romeo falling in love at first sight and Juliet reciprocating his love. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo Juliet Alternate Scene or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two cannot got public which such love, as they are from rivaling houses that hate each other dearly. Romeo is extremely depressed. CHARACTERS Romeo Montague- son of Sir and Lady Montague, falls in love with Juliet and is banished for the murder of Tybalt Mercellio- lesser known servant of Romeo, seeks him out to give him information Rosaline- unseen character in the first 2 Acts makes her first, verbal appearance MANTUA – DAY Romeo has just settled in Mantua after his night with Juliet, and is sitting on a bench outside of a park, depressed. A bird lands next to him and he studies it. Romeo Fair bird, thou not wary of me? Thou not know who I am? I am Romeo, murderer of kin and Verona exile! I’m a cruel murderer and I long for my own destruction. As the pearl of light has been stripped from me because of these fatal events, you bird should not be around me. You may be slain as well! You’ve ne’er experienced the destruction that occurs around me. Everything beautiful is stripped and dies slowly in my presence like I am intertwined with the eerie death that takes everything wondrous away and makes everything sad. To be near me is to be near everything evil and undesirable. Fallen Tybalt, my kin, eliminated because of the end of the story of great Mercucio. To exact revenge was to be stripped of the illustrious Juliet. Fear me, bird. Fear my very presence. The bird pecks him on the hand and it begins to bleed. The bird flies away while Romeo stares at the wound the bird has caused. Romeo Thank you bird! I deserve it and more. To walk into war without a weapon to be slain of such heart gripping pain! How about the apothecary gives me 20 gallons of their finest poison, sweet poison that I can engorge myself to be stripped of my love and the light of this cold world. The world is a dark void without her glow to illuminate even the darkest of caverns. The blackest kettle would be turned white by her presence. Her gleam’s name is Juliet, oh full Juliet, your beauty encompasses everything and more. And as fate plays such a cruel game, your shameless game†¦show your face! Show it so that I can slay you most beautifully! The banishment from sweet Verona is most undesirable. I’d appreciate the sweet vengeance of death than the nagging fault of banishment. To know that admirable Juliet is sealed behind the walls of Verona away from me without me able to anything about it†¦is agony. This is true agony of a tireless heart. Romeo interrupts briefly to look at the cloudy sky. Enter Mercellio, servant of Romeo] Mercellio Romeo, oh fair Romeo! I have most remarkable news! News that’ll alleviate your gloom! Your mood of Juliet has made you an evil character, made you feel less than a man shall ever feel and you continue to drown yourself face first into the waters of sorrow. Art thou is Romeo! Romeo must not tirelessly wane and moan and cry to skies that aren’t li stening†¦ ROMEO To alleviate anything means that you must mean death! Nothing can revive me from the mood that I’m in. Nothing can wash the pain of not seeing sweet Juliet ever again†¦nothing foolish servant! What simple boast do you plan to tell me? The only news of Juliet with me will bring me happiest, imprudent one. That’s an impossible task that not even the bravest of men can succeed in. To fall in love and to be stripped of it so cleanly is the inferior destiny of my dismal life. Life is nothing without her. News means nil unless it’s new of my return to Verona. I imagine killing myself just so I wouldn’t have to deal with such crushing pain and now as I drown in it I cannot cut my ties to this world as to cut my ties would end with truly never being with her again. MERcellio You cannot continue life like this forever, brave Romeo. To let this consume you is to give up life itself and starve for the affections of a single woman is absolutely ludicrous. You cannot continue like this sir. ROMEO You know nothing of the pain I’m feeling. You could never experience something so agonizing as such; to hinder the ability of sleep is the pain I’m feeling. Worse than the death of the most important thing to you is the realization that you can never be with the one that means the most to you. You are a complete fool to call me ludicrous†¦ludicrous! Thou is ludicrous for not being able to experience this with me, ludicrous for thinking I can just let such emotions waver. The attempt of capturing Juliet and simply vanishing from all eyes keeps me here, keep me from revealing my sheathed sword and slaying you with your foolish words. MERCELLIO Slaying me because of a female is absolutely ludicrous! I have known you for quite some time, good Romeo and you again and again looked for women to reciprocate your love to and asked for the hearts of many women, only to see your heart wrung mercilessly by such. You find this lifestyle un and continue, hoping to find such a woman to return it to you! Because young Juliet arrival of emotion upon you is enough to lay in distraught, thinking about what could and could not have been. You read "Romeo Juliet Alternate Scene" in category "Papers" Is life that closed of a circle, dear Romeo? ROMEO What is life with a Juliet? There is no life to think of without such a creature, unrealistic until I found her waiting for me in the chains of the Capulet’s. Why have you ventured out for me, dim Mercellio? What have you to tell me? MERCELLIO Ah, yes! To argue with you is to forget my true intentions of seeking you out. To find you to reveal to you news that may be pleasing to ones ear, though ones mood may completely destroy it as another beautiful beacon searches for Romeo to talk†¦ Romeo interrupts Marcellio in mid-speech, effective cutting him off. ROMEO What woman do you speak of, servant? What is she called? Where is her place of? Lastly, if she isn’t Juliet, I do not desire this information in the least bit. No woman can compare to the excruciating emotion that will overcome me when I see her fairness once again. Oh, Juliet. MERCELLIO This girl isn’t the much desired Juliet you long for†¦ ROMEO Then what need do I need such information. Go, Mercellio before you regret coming as your life will be stripped from you with my blade. MERCELLIO Please, kind Romeo. This woman states that she knows you and she’s waiting for you†¦she was timid in meeting you again but she longs to meet you once again. She has nagged to me in the journey how she longs for you once again and is ready to begin with you†¦ romeo Who Marcellio? Speak before I slay you with my sword. This is the last time I will say such a thing before I do it! Your very next word shall be her name! Romeo quickly stands up and unsheathes his sword. Mercellio quickly leaps to his feet. MARCELLIO Rosaline! Sweet Rosaline has longed to see you again! Romeo drops his sword in shock at Mercellio’s words. ROMEO Astonishing Rosaline? Where art thou? [Enter Rosaline, sullen] Rosaline Romeo, oh Romeo. My heart aches for your sun. You evaded and left your efforts with me to be with the wondrous Juliet, fair beautiful Juliet and left me distraught. Your attempts at me have been refuted and your eye gazed at a younger beauty. Have you forgotten me Romeo? You no longer desire me, and instead desire youthful Juliet? ROMEO Oh, how fate tests me! Banishment from Verona has caused the most unlikely of meetings! I meet you, here, in the streets of Mantua asking for me! Through me finding love in a beautiful flower races the devil’s cry to change me into nothing! Temptation is at its highest peak than it had ever been and I still find the strength to resist it! You’ve long for me, elegant Rosaline? Ha! How art thou found me? ROSALINE I have longed for you, fair Romeo. I have asked ones, ones that knew of your location, through this I have located you and finally find you in remarkable Mantua. Can you not see how I long for Romeo, my Romeo? The Romeo that has lust for me with the purest of loves? My fair Romeo? ROMEO Your Romeo! Ah, alas you tempt to woe me into submission with your cries of longing? Thou wrote you poems of love and I have gone unnoticed by your beautiful eye! Thank you! For looking for you I found a much better flower, a sweet innocent flower waiting for me, locked waiting for her lover! The loves I’ve harnessed with tight straps have completely drawn my blood blue with pain and suffocation, as you couldn’t see the blue! You couldn’t see anything in those appealing eyes, cold as the fiercest of winters and the snow that assists them! Thou trick with in incantations! ROSALINE You no longer see me as a beautiful sun? The sweet essence which you said you wanted, you breathed, the attention you’ve given, the feelings you’ve told me have now disappeared into the dark halls of time? Instead of greeting me with the passion that you’ve always have, you shun me like a common whore, embarrassing me like some common mistress. You seem to not care that I’m here, asking for my Romeo! ROMEO Why art thou here! ROSALINE I long for my Romeo! The Romeo that made my heart glow with passion and intensity! ROMEO The Romeo you seek is gone, hidden in the shadows, and forever departed. I no longer lust for you Rosaline. You were once a beautiful rose that quickly wilted and the dust has been removed from your vision you want to come to me? I’m lost at sea thirsting for a sweet whiff of Juliet. You have expired like the curds floating atop of milk. MERCELLIO Rosaline has been longing for you a while, good Romeo. Your attempts at you have not gone unnoticed like a wolf’s cry in the woods, but young Rosaline has been tried many times and has seen many failures in her life, aiding in her wary to appeal to you as well. As a troubled soul now she seek me out, throughout the danger to come and see you Romeo. Have you truly no emotion residing inside of you but the emotion of fair Juliet? Thou doesn’t care that Rosaline left Verona to come and meet with you? Thou are truly dark? Sworn to chastity, poor Romeo is depressed an ignorant to see the feelings of one Capulet that defied all in seeing you? ROMEO Thou has not wanted me until thou seen me with Juliet! Thou are selfish in her desire to try and steal me! As her cousin, you should be thoroughly ashamed of yourself! ROSALINE I have no such desire! You have desire to still be with I! You still want I! As you refute and deny it, you cannot forget about me as you claim you have! I will never be erased from your mind! ROMEO What did you plan to do, beautiful Rosaline, when you came here? Woe me back into my love for you like a foolish kid who has nothing else to do? Because I will not slip into a fatal trap! I have undying love for Juliet†¦Juliet†¦ ROSELINE I didn’t come to woe you of anything Romeo and as we speak, I myself am risking banishment and exile from Verona and from my kin! I wanted to admit to you†¦ ROMEO Admit what? What is there to admit? You have nothing viable to say! You’re risking everything for nothing! Aren’t you? ROSALINE Risking everything for nothing is not how I felt, dear Romeo. I felt a different way. I felt I had to tell you how I felt, if you long to hear it. [Romeo looks at Rosaline and as he is about to open his mouth, curtain close] How to cite Romeo Juliet Alternate Scene, Papers

Dramatic events taking place Essay Example For Students

Dramatic events taking place Essay When Cassie awakes she thinks that Bigma is by the window on the chair. Cassies imagination is running slightly wild because she is imagining this. She wants to feel safe and protected by her family thinking that someone is close to her. Quiet now except for the drip drap of water falling from the roof. There is no noise now apart from what the author is telling you about the effect of the drip-drap water which is telling you the sound it is making and how obvious it is that something may be about to happen. Cassie is afraid because she doesnt want to move from the chair. After a noise is heard on the porch Cassie hurries out there thinking that it is her brothers messing around. When the author tells you that, you are not quite sure what to think because if you were in Cassies shoes, in her situation it could be anyone out there. Her brothers wouldnt be out of their beds outside in the dark at night time. Stacey, I whispered. Christopher-John? . Cassie is not talking when she says this but is whispering because she is very cautious of who is there and who is making the noise. When a sudden movement is seen near the end of the porch Cassie heads toward it. This shows she is very brave and not scared to walk up there to see who it is. Fear is building up here because the author is keeping you in suspense so you have to wait a while to find out who is there. I crept precariously. Cassie is aware that someone is about and she feels unsafe and insecure, because she walks up precariously. Soon there is a sigh of relief because Jason, the family dog jumps upon Cassie and relieves her tension because now what she thought was someone was just her dog. The author builds up from night time and being quiet to hearing noises outside and then springs upon us that it was only the dog. Cassie is pleased to see Jason because she thought it was someone trying to scare her or wandering around the porch. The author lays tension on us again because Cassie sees a caravan coming up the road. It says she froze as she was getting up so this means she knows something is wrong. A caravan of headlights appeared suddenly in the east, coming faster along the rain soaked road like cat eyes in the night. This is a simile as it is compared to something else to give you a picture of what the caravan looks like. Cassie knows something is definitely not right because Jason whined loudly, growing skittish as the lights approached. I think that the dog is getting scared because he senses things and he fears for Cassie. The caravan brakes before the house but Cassie cannot bring herself to go anywhere, My legs would not move. A figure stepped out of the car but it makes it seem more real and frightening because the author doesnt describe what the person looks like who has just stepped out of the car. The man walked slowly up the drive. This creates a sense of footsteps like in a scary movie because it makes it more frightening. Cassie cannot control her feelings to what is happening, she could make an escape but instead she stands still where she is. I stopped breathing. A dramatic effect is building up here because Cassie is getting worse by the second. She cannot believe whats in front of her eyes. When the man stops and stares at the house we wonder whether he is after Cassie or any of her family because he is continuously staring at the house as to whether it is the correct destination. .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce , .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce .postImageUrl , .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce , .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce:hover , .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce:visited , .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce:active { border:0!important; } .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce:active , .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub661f293a85589bd644005cf2ca04cce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computers and Society EssayEventually a few moments later the man steps back into the caravan and then it drives away. Cassie is now safe from danger because know one saw her and they didnt come right up to the house. The action doesnt stop when it says there was a sense of quiet movement in the darkness. Cassie is sensing this, so there may not be anyone there but just her imagination. But as soon as the moon slid from the dark covers she could see Mr Morrison from the side of the house. We dont know what he could be up to because know one knows that much about Mr Morrison. He could be a bad person or just being protective towards the family because he has a shotgun in his hand. This puts cassie is a threatening position because she doesnt want Mr Morrison to see her and she certainly does not want to get into any trouble. Cassie cant get what has happened in the night out of her mind because she thought the night men had come because of what Cassie and her brothers did to the bus. First at the end of the chapter it was dark and quiet, then Cassie heard a noise which she thought was her brothers, then it was only the dog, then the night men had come and then  Ã‚  we see Mr Morrison with a shotgun. The end of the chapter is filled with terror, anger and dramatic events taking place.

World Hunger Poverty Essay Example

World Hunger Poverty Essay World Hunger and Poverty Sara White I. Introduction: Statement of the issue to be discussed. World hunger and poverty concerns certainly are no new issues in our society. We often hear about people’s desire to solve world hunger, or to be able to feed the world and help alleviate the suffering associated with it. There are many organizations that collect money to help feed children and their families in poor, undeveloped countries. We are subjected to commercials on television that show us children all over the world that are suffering from hunger. We see their pain and our emotions take over; we then want to help feed the world by sending our monthly donation. How much more do we really think about the issue of world hunger after the commercial goes off? The United States is such a developed and plentiful nation, that it is so hard for me to imagine why are there so many hungry people still in the world today. There are many reasons we can think of why world hunger may exist, but poverty is the number one cause of hunger. Poor people cannot afford to buy food so they are the ones that suffer from hunger that leads to deficiencies, diseases, and death. People are not hungry because the population is growing so fast that food is becoming scarce, but simply because they cannot afford it. Food may be scarce, but it is international trade, economic policies and the control of land that have lead to immense poverty and hunger and therefore less access to food, not the growth in population leading to a lack of food. We will write a custom essay sample on World Hunger Poverty specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on World Hunger Poverty specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on World Hunger Poverty specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The majority of the world’s people and nations are in a state of poverty. Over 9 million people worldwide each year die from hunger and malnutrition. Over 5 million of those are children. So why are there so many people in poverty and starving today and what can be done to help overcome the situation? II. Description of more than one side of the issue supported by relevant and multiple sources of information. Poverty and hunger are a concern to many people in the United States and in other countries. It is hard to understand why there is still so much poverty and hunger in the world today with so many organizations trying to help fight it. I have defined some of the reasons why poverty and hunger still exist in our society today. In our society, food is seen as a commodity. Farmers are just like anyone else in business, they need to make a living, so they sell their product for money. Their crop is their livelihood so they cannot be expected to give it away. To the farmers growing the product, food is a commodity; they expect payment for the food they grow. We would not expect Old Navy to manufacture clothes, Reebok to manufacture sneakers, or Dell to provide computers for those people that do not earn enough money to pay for these items. (Shah, Anup, Causes of hunger). The issue of land rights and ownership is another reason that could contribute to poverty for non-land owners or ones that may be dictated to by the government exactly what they can plant on their land. The ones that own the land get to control what is grown on it and can get their share of the production through rent or crop. This can be extremely devastating to the farmer because it can keep him in poverty even though he is doing the work to grow the crop. This is especially a problem in third world countries because they are used to supply wealthier countries with cheap agricultural products. The wealthier countries are therefore controlling the fate of poverty in these other countries. If the workers in the less developed countries are not paid fairly they will continue in poverty. The wealthy are the ones with the power. Some wealthier countries have purchased land in poorer countries to grow produce but it is not to offer assistance for the poor but to retain their own food security. The wealthy are also the greedy ones. (Shah, Anup, Solving world hunger). The diversion of land that is used to grow non-productive crops is believed to be a contributor to poverty because this land could be used to grow more crops to help feed hungry people. Instead much land is used to grow non-productive crops such as cotton, sisal, flowers, tea, tobacco, sugar cane, and cocoa. These items can be profitable for farmers but take away from the food production. Also much farmland is used to grow grain to feed livestock. In a wealthy country, as the United States, beef is a big market, so half the water and half of the grain grown is used to feed the livestock. The grain would be much more beneficial for feeding humans and help to solve hunger, but wealthy people prefer meat and will continue to buy it as long as they can afford to. (Shah, Anup, Solving world hunger). The growing of crops for biofuels is often blamed for a food shortage that is also linked to the hunger problem. Even though using biofuels is a way to help reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in our environment they may be harmful to our food and water supplies. Growing biofuels requires a lot of land and water. We already have a shortage of food and water so by diverting land use and our water supply to grow biofuels it is believed that this will lead to biofuels being the largest competitor of food causing an increase in global food prices. (France- Presse, Agence). The United States offers assistance to many countries in need of food through the design of four different programs. These programs offer assistance through donations and have certain guidelines that the recipient countries must adhere to including not being involved in any kind of civil or international conflict, have positive plans for freedom, political and civil rights, and objectives for sustainability. Food aid shows a good gesture in caring and helping the poor and hungry but food aid, when not for emergency relief, can actually be very destructive on the economy of the recipient nation and contribute to more hunger and poverty because they become dependent on it. USDA). Global change is still another reason blamed for lack of food. The frequent climate changes we have been experiencing and the expected effects from climate change in the future can have a large impact on crops. Scientists have predicted that due to global warming in our environment there will likely be more carbon dioxide in our atmosphere, leading to an increase in pollution that can make our soil and water harmful. This wi ll lead to the impact it will have on crops and on animals that in turn have an impact on the food source for humans. With the climate change can bring more droughts, hurricanes, tornados, and other odd weather scenarios that can cause an in increase in hunger and poverty due to a poor crop yield. (U. S. Global Change Research Information Office). Some people believe that by increasing the food production through growing genetically modified foods that it is possible to produce enough food to feed the world. It is believed that by increasing the amount of crops grown on existing farmland it will help the farmers grow better crops and increase their income at the same time. This is believed to help feed the world and bring poor farmers out of poverty. (Balkin, Karen, pgs 189-194). These genetically modified crops are engineered in a laboratory to create rapidly growing plants that are drought resistant, produce their own pesticides, and can be produced to contain adequate nutrients needed for a healthy diet. This sounds like a great solution, however this process can be very lengthy and costly to start and the effects that these genetically grown plants will have on humans is unknown at this time. (Whitman, Deborah, B. ). III. Clear, concise statements of your position of the issue. I believe poverty mainly comes from poverty; the poor stay poor. The poor have no money to buy food and usually little or no resources in order to grow their own food so hunger is also caused by poverty. There are many other things that may contribute to the hunger and poverty situation, but when you start at the bottom it is hard for your situation to change without something drastic happening to help pull you above the poverty line. I believe that families try to pay first for their home, or place of shelter, and their utilities and use the remainder of their money, if there is any, to buy food. They buy the cheapest foods possible and usually do not get the correct nutrients they need in order to stay healthy. I believe that there must be a worldwide acceptance and implementation of food as a basic human right. It is my Christian belief that it is my responsibility to help others in need. People that have plenty and more than plenty should feel the need to share with others. I cannot imagine my children being hungry and no one helping me to get them food. I do believe that food aid is only a temporary solution though. I believe that education is definitely the answer to solving poverty and world hunger, especially, for third world countries, and in any place in the United States that does not have adequate food to feed their communities. I strongly believe the way to educate these people in poverty is through mission work. It is the best alternative rather than trying to get the government to give aid for supplies. The U. S. has given much food aid to other countries, but those countries need education on how to grow their own food so they can continue to eat. Many of those countries will need wells dug for them and someone to teach them farming techniques. These poverty-stricken countries will continue in poverty if they are not given the adequate supplies and skills needed in order to produce the food themselves. Tackling hunger by providing charitable food aid and increasing food production are just not the answers for solving either of these issues. Many people buy the cheapest foods possible in order to feed their families. This often results in foods that do not provide the nutrients and vitamins needed in order to keep them healthy. So, I believe we should also be conscious of the health care costs that arise due to malnutrition. In the United States this alone can raise health care costs tremendously. In many third world countries, health care is a luxury that would probably not even be available to the poor. If they cannot afford to buy food, they certainly could not afford health care. IV. Discussion of your position supported by relevant and multiple sources of information. Poverty is when someone lacks adequate income and lacks the resources and means of feeding their families and providing them with the basic human needs. Poverty can be contributed to by many different means but poverty is the number one reason of hunger. People simply cannot afford to purchase food and do not have the means to grow their own food. (World Hunger Education Services). Poverty is the ruin of the poor. (Life Application Study Bible, Proverbs 10:15) Being of Christian faith, I believe that the Bible is the word from God and that we should obey it. There are many passages in the Bible that give us guidance about helping those in hunger and poverty. In 2 Corinthians verse 9 and Proverbs 22:9, God talks about being a cheerful giver and by giving to the poor it is taking care of his people and the giver will be blessed for his generosity and compassion for the distribution of food and other resources. In Proverbs 31:9, he tells us to speak up and judge fairly; defend the rights of the poor and needy. In Psalms 37:25, he tells us yet I have never seen the righteous forsaken or their children begging bread. Psalms 26, They are always generous and lend freely; their children will be blessed. In Ezekiel 18:17, he talks about what a righteous man does, gives his food to the hungry and provides clothes for the naked. In Acts 9:26, it tells about Dorcas and how she made an enormous impact on her community by always doing good and helping the poor. We as Christians should obey Gods word and help those in hunger and poverty. Our help really can make a difference to these people. (Life Application Study Bible) Even in our Government, we have people that have shown faith by wanting to create programs for those in hunger and poverty based on Gods word. Former Senator of North Carolina, John Edwards, and current Senator of Kansas, Sam Brownback, both have shown a strong sense of compassion for the poverty-stricken. They both have made it known that by their faith they feel that Americans should focus on helping the poverty issue in desperate regions of the world. They have both sponsored programs that give second chances including educating people to help them rise above poverty. Edwards knew that Americans could unite in times of desperation when they showed compassion for the gulf coast community after being hit by Hurricane Katrina. His vision was to eliminate poverty within thirty years, but it could cost billions to do it. He stated, How we respond to the fact that millions among us live in poverty says everything about the character of America. Brownback is a strong supporter of a faith based program on rebuilding the culture and the family and believes in finding solutions for poverty for the dignity of the people. When we have people in our government that are believers in faith, I think it will help our country to help others. When we stop helping others and let them suffer from hunger and poverty, I believe it will be the demise of our wonderful country. (Roush, Margaret, pages 19-22). We know that our government offers many programs that help feed the hungry and try to administer solutions for poverty and hunger, but in many countries Americans are limited to what they can do to help. That is when missionaries can step in and offer solutions to the poor and hungry. Missionaries are able to teach people how to become more in dependent, teach farming techniques, and how to use the resources that are available to them. Missionaries can change the lives of people in poor third world countries by teaching them about God and this can change their outlook and attitudes and then help them gain a way out of poverty. When they are able to grow their own food, they will feel less dependent on other countries. (Anderson, Kerby). The effects of poverty and hunger on the health of people can be devastating. Malnutrition can lead to an increase in infections and common illnesses. It can also lead to high mortality rates in infants and impediments in development for children that lead to problems beyond food and income. The condition can affect generations of people in these communities. That is why it is so important to help get them educated about ways to become independent and not rely on other people to feed them. Once they are able to grow food to feed their families and make adequate income to live they can become a sustainable community. (Kates, Robert, W. ). V. Questions that have arisen as you researched the issues and information you need to understand this issue better. As I was researching hunger and poverty I came across a few topics that I had not thought of before. A global food crisis? It is quite unbelievable, yet scary, to think that we could actually ever experience a global food crisis, especially in the United States. I had believed that the food and hunger situation would get better with time, not worse. Since I have been researching I have discovered predictions on a food crisis in the near future, and which may have already begun. (The American Dream). I also discovered that scientific evidence shows that we need to commit more to sustainable farming methods, called agroecology. We need to support local farmers. I was beginning to believe that genetically modified foods were the best method of producing better food more quickly. (US Working Group on the Food Crisis). I also discovered that it is bad enough the amount of food that is wasted, but also what the environmental impacts are from food waste that can lead to harmful effects on the soil. Spoiled foods can create, methane, one of the most harmful greenhouse gases, that contributes to climate change. Food waste can also lead to an increase in our landfills, and an increase in trash delivery trucks that uses more gas and causes more pollution in our environments. Wasted food also means wasted water, chemicals, fertilizers, and pesticides that was used to grow that product. I never imagined the impacts that wasted food had on our environment. We should definitely clean our plates! (CBC News). VI. Concise summary statement restating the issue, your position, and the essential evidence that supports your position. I believe there is hunger and poverty all around us. I believe that many people are truly concerned about people that are hungry and do contribute to different organizations to offer help, but I think very few really take the time to consider solutions to actually solving the problems. We do need and can appreciate the food aid that is offered to people in poverty but we can see that it is not the answer to solving the problem; it is only a temporary fix. We must work together to provide the people in need our support in educating them in sustainable farming methods so they may become independent in supporting their families with food and adequate incomes in order to live a healthy sustainable life. The more people we educate on sustainable farming methods, the more food there will be on our planet. I believe Christians should pray about the situation and do as much mission work as possible to help others in need. We should show compassion for those that are hungry and not able to purchase food for their families. I believe we should think more about the food we waste and the things we purchase, such as cigarettes, that are made from crops grown on land that could be used to grow food. We need to pull together so that we can try to prevent an unwanted food crisis in our environment. VII. Literature cited. 2011 World Hunger and Poverty Facts and Statistics. World Hunger Education Services. 4 Nov. 2011. . Anderson, Kerby. World Hunger. Leadership University. 29 Oct. 2011. . Balkin, Karen. Poverty Opposing Viewpoints. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2004. Can Sustainable Agriculture Feed the World?. US Working Group on the Food Crisis. 3 Nov. 2011. . Food Aid. United States Department of Agriculture. 26 Oct. 2011. 10 Nov. 2011. . Food Crisis 2011? 14 Disturbing Facts That Make You Wonder If The Coming Global Food Shortage Has Already Begun. The American Dream. 28 Oct. 2011. Food waste has environmental impact: scientists. CBC News. 25 Nov. 2009. 3 Nov. 2011. . France-Presse, Agence. Water for biofuels or food?. COSMOS Magazine. 17 Aug. 2007. 3 Nov. 2011. . Hunger Information. Freedom from Hunger. 2000. 29 Oct. 2011. . Kates, Robert W. CONSEQUENCES. U. S. Global Change Research Information Office. 1996. 25 Oct. 2011. . Life Application Study Bible. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale Publishers, Inc. , 1991. Roush, Margaret. The Reference Shelf U. S. National Debate Topic 2009-2010 Social Services for the Poor. New York, NY: H. W. Wilson Company, 2009. Shah, Anup. Causes of Hunger are related to Poverty. Global Issues. 3 Oct. 2010. 20 Oct. 2011. . Shah, Anup. Solving World Hunger Means Solving World Poverty. Global Issues. 24 Oct. 2010. 20 Oct. 2011. . Whitman, Deborah B. Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful?. ProQuest. Apr. 2000. 3 Nov. 2011. .

Discover Ideas Through Brainstorming

Discover Ideas Through Brainstorming In composition, brainstorming is an invention and discovery strategy in which the writer collaborates with others to explore topics, develop ideas, and/or propose solutions to a problem.  Business Dictionary  says that brainstorming is the process for generating creative ideas and solutions through intensive and freewheeling group discussion. Every participant is encouraged to think aloud and suggest as many ideas as possible, no matter how seemingly outlandish or bizarre. The purpose of a brainstorming session is to work as a group to define a problem and find a plan of action to solve it. In writing, brainstorming aims not just to think of topics to write about but to allow a group to problem-solve when a writer in the group is, essentially, suffering from writers block. Theory and Rules of Brainstorming Alex Osborn, an early proponent of brainstorming, explained the process in his 1953 book Applied Imagination: Principles and Practices of Creative Thinking as a stop-and-go, catch-as-catch-can operation- one which can never be exact enough to rate as scientific. The process, he said, includes some or all of these phases: Orientation: pointing up the problemPreparation: gathering pertinent dataAnalysis: breaking down the relevant materialHypothesis: piling up alternatives by way of ideasIncubation: letting up, to invite illuminationSynthesis: putting the pieces togetherVerification: judging the resultant ideas Osborne established four basic rules for brainstorming: Criticism is ruled out.  Adverse  judgment of ideas must  be withheld until later.Freewheeling is encouraged. The wilder the idea, the better.Quantity is the goal. The greater the number of ideas, the more likely it is that useful ideas will result.Combination and improvement are sought. In addition to contributing ideas of their own, participants should suggest how ideas of others can be turned into better ideas or how two or more ideas can be joined into still another idea. Analysis, discussion, or criticism of the aired ideas is allowed only when the brainstorming session is over and evaluation session begins. Whether in a   classroom, business meeting, or composition brainstorming session, you seek ideas- no matter how wild. Only after the brainstorming session is over, or perhaps at the end of it, do you start to cull the good (and workable) ideas from the bad. Brainstorming Strategies Brainstorming strategies are many and varied, but they can be grouped into the following basic areas, as described by  The Writing Center  at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: Cubing:  This strategy enables you to consider your topic from six different directions, just as in a cube, which is six-sided. In cubing, you take an idea and describe it, compare it, associate it, analyze it, apply it, and argue for and against it.Freewriting:  When you freewrite, you let your thoughts flow freely, putting pen to paper (or dry erase pen on a whiteboard) and writing down whatever comes to your mind, or to the group members  minds.Listing: In this technique, also called bulleting, you jot down lists of words or phrases under a particular topic.Mapping: With mapping, you list a lot of different terms and phrases that jut out from the main topic. This method is also called webbing because you end up with something that looks like a spider web with your brainstormed ideas branching out from the main topic in the center.Researching: Also called the journalistic method, with this technique, you use the â€Å"big six† questions that journalists rely on to rese arch a story: who, what, when, where, why, and how. You and your group then take a few minutes to research the answers to these questions if needed or simply discuss the answers if group members know the information.   Methods and Observations Some theorists say that brainstorming does not work. Debate and criticism, far from impeding the search for ideas or efforts to solve a problem, actually stimulate discussion and problem-solving, says Jonah Lehrer, in a 2012 article Groupthink: The Brainstorming Myth published in the New Yorker. Lehrer notes: Dissent stimulates new ideas because it encourages us to engage more fully with the work of others and to reassess our viewpoints. But thats where the teacher or facilitator plays an important role. While she doesnt criticize ideas, and discourages others from doing so, the teacher or facilitator  does  prompt and probe, as Dana Ferris and John Hedgcock write in their book, Teaching ESL Composition: Purpose, Process. The facilitator asks questions such as What do you mean? Can you give an example? or How are these ideas related?- recording these ideas on the board, an overhead transparency, or an electronic display. Far from sitting back and simply writing thin, feel-good ideas on the board or paper, the facilitator nudges participants to think about and enhance their thoughts so that they will be more useful. Its also important to note that brainstorming is just a first step in generating an interesting and well-thought-out essay, with ideas that go beyond the superficial, says Irene L. Clark in Concepts in Composition: Theory and Practice in the Teaching of Writing. Clark says that a useful invention strategy that follows brainstorming and precedes the drafting of an essay is the points-to-make list, which enables a writer to sort and narrow ideas.   Although different writers do this in individual ways, most good writers will take time to write down, examine, and revise their ideas in an informal list that is not as rigid as an outline. So think of brainstorming as a first step to help get your creative juices flowing, either on your own or preferably with the help of a group of collaborators. Then revise the ideas from a list or web to create an outline for a powerful and well-thought-out paper.

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

International Relations - Essay Example ing â€Å"The Evolution of International Society† by David Armstrong, thereby accounting for existence of historical alteration and comparative weights between pluralist forms of international society and solidarism forms of international society. Historically, international society is perceived through the narratives regarding the emergence of European state systems, which were attributed to principles of sovereignty and non-intervention. This period is marked by the formation of an association referred to family of nations or the international society, which was founded on conservation the sovereignty based on the set of values of civilization. In fact, this signified the members of the international society since they were under the jurisdiction of the principles of sovereign equality. Furthermore, these members were free from any forms of interventions and rules of international law. Pluralistic form of international society entailed a narrow degree of shared norms while the Solidarist form of international society had a high wide of shared norms, and it focused on the substantial element regarding the elements emphasizing on rights entitled to an individual. For example, Greek international society was a form of Solidarist form, which emphasized on shared moral understanding concerning the rightful international conduct based on the religious norms. In fact, this related to areas such as the sanctity of treaties, diplomacy, war and declaration of an enemy’s death. An example of pluralistic form of international society is ancient India, which has numerous religious norms through they were not always in practice; in fact they were only applied to only to international relations, such as in a situation of war. There is a mutual exclusion of both pluralism and solidarism in the criterion of sovereignty, which is perceived to be synonymous to property. Therefore, pluralism and solidarism were also considered distinctive attributes of international society,

Business final report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business final report - Research Paper Example Economically, Wal-Mart has been able to expand its sale to almost 50% even during the recession. Wal-Mart has been admired worldwide due to its social aspect in respecting it customers and other individual who form part of their social life. In addition, Wal-Mart has been able to create environmental sustainability through submission of important sustainability goals. However, the company has had allegations of disregarding its employee’s rights. In another dimension, Wal-Mart is a leader in the use and application of technology in the effort to maximize operational efficiency. I would like to thank all those helped me in the research. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. J.L Waltman for being part of my research as he guided me through, especially on the best approach to use in order to perfect my report. Table of Contents 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Political Factors 4 1.3 Economic factors 5 1.4 Social Factors 7 1.5 Environmental factors 8 1.6 Legal factors 9 1.7 Technologica l factors 10 1.8 Conclusion 11 References: 12 1.1 Introduction Wal-Mart is one of the renowned supermarket brands in America running numerous chains of large departmental store and warehouse stores (Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2011). Apparently, the multinational store has been able to maintain its thriving market especially in the United States of America and other parts of the world (Matusitz & Lord, 2013). According to a research that was conducted in regard to Wal-Mart operations, it is evident that the multinational corporation has immensely gained a negative bad image in most part of the world where most of its stores and branches are found (Hicks, 2009). In light of this, Wal-Mart is continuously seeking to lessen the brand image through ensuring that they work professionally. 1.2 Political Factors Initially, Wal-Mart Corporation has placed its stores in the United States of America and other parts of the world. As such, it is important to ensure that there is political stability in such countries as this plays a huge role in maintaining market. If it happens that the some of the countries where some of the branches are suffer from political instability, it is advisable for the corporation to withdraw it market avoid poor market generated through politics in specific countries. Similarly, the corporation should be aware of the different government regulations and deregulation in the United States of America and other foreign countries such as Canada, Argentina, and China where the branches are situated (Karlgaard, 2013). Also, it is worth noting that government regulation and deregulation varies according to different countries. Any organization, corporation or business entity that wants to thrive in business must work within the regulations of a given country or state. In relation to this, the corporation should ensure that it follows the trade restrictions that are used in all its locations. In relation to this, Wal-Mart has continuously paid tax in all th e countries that its branches are located. Payment of taxes indicates that the corporation is politically responsible and is ready to work and follow the rules and regulations of the given countries. 1.3 Economic factors Economic factors specifically affect the corporation’s operations, as well as, the making of its decisions. Thus, there is must be economic growth, substantial rates of interest, over and above,

Theories of leadership:

Theories of leadership: Introduction â€Å"The term leadership is a word taken from the common vocabulary and incorporated into the technical vocabulary of a scientific discipline without being precisely redefined. As consequences, it carries extraneous connotations that create ambiguity of meaning (Janda, 1960). Additional confusion is caused by the use of other imprecise terms such as power, authority, management, administration, control and supervision to describe similar phenomena. An observation by Bennis (1959, p. 259) is as true today as when he made it many years ago: Always, it seems, the concept of leadership eludes us or turns up in another form to taunt us again with its slipperiness and complexity. So we have invented an endless proliferation of terms to deal with it. and still the concept is not sufficiently defined.† â€Å"Most definition of leadership reflect the assumption that involves a process whereby intentional influences is exerted over other people to guide, structure, and facilitate acti vities and relationships in a group or organisation. The numerous definitions of leadership appear to have little else in common. They differ in many respects, including who exerts influence, the intended purpose of the influence, the manner in which influence is exerted, and the outcome of the influence attempt. The differences are not just t a case of scholarly nit picking; they reflect deep disagreement about identification of leaders and leadership processes.†(Gary Yukl, 2010) Theories of leadership: Douglas McGregor described Theory X and Theory Y in his book, The Human Side of Enterprise. Theory X and Theory Y each represent different ways in which leaders view employees. Theory X managers believe that employees are motivated mainly by money, are lazy, uncooperative, and have poor work habits. Theory Y managers believe that subordinates work hard, are cooperative, and have positive attitudes. Theory X is the traditional view of direction and control by managers. It is the nature of average human being who dislikes doing work and will avoid if he or she can. Because of this human characteristic of dislike of work, most people must be controlled, directed, and threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort toward the achievement of organizational objectives. The average human being prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, and has relatively little ambition, wants security above all. Theory Y is the view that individual and organizational goals can be integrated. The expenditures of physical and mental effort in work are as natural as play or rest. External control and the threat of punishment are not the only means for bringing out effort toward organizational objectives. Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. The average human being learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but also to seek responsibility. The capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination, ingenuity, and creativity in the solution of organizational problems in widely, not narrowly, distributed in the population. Under the condition of modern industrial life, the intellectual potentialities of the average human being are only partially utilized. Fred E. Fiedlers contingency theory postulates that there is no best way for managers to lead. Situations will create different leadership style requirements for a manager. The solution to a managerial situation is contingent on the factors that impose on the situation. For example, in a highly routinized (mechanistic) environment where repetitive tasks are the norm, a certain leadership style may result in the best performance. The same leadership style may not work in a very dynamic environment. Fiedler looked at three situations that could define the condition of a managerial task: Leader member relations: Compatibility between the manager and the employees? The task structure: Is the job highly structured, fairly unstructured, or somewhere in between? Position power: How much authority does the manager possess? Managers were rated as to whether they were relationship oriented or task oriented. Task oriented managers tend to do better in situations that have good leader-member relationships, structured tasks, and either weak or strong position power. They do well when the task is unstructured but position power is strong. Also, they did well at the other end of the spectrum when the leader member relations were moderate to poor and the task was unstructured. Relationship oriented managers do better in all other situations. Thus, a given situation might call for a manager with a different style or a manager who could take on a different style for a different situation. Another aspect of the contingency model theory is that the leader-member relations, task structure, and position power dictate a leaders situational control. Leader-member relations are the amount of loyalty, dependability, and support that the leader receives from employees. It is a measure of how the manager perceives he or she and the group of employees are getting along together. In a favorable relationship the manager has a high task structure and is able to reward or punish employees without any problems. In an unfavorable relationship the task is usually unstructured and the leader possesses limited authority. Positioning power measures the amount of power or authority the manager perceives the organization has given him or her for the purpose of directing, rewarding, and punishing subordinates. Positioning power of managers depends on the taking away (favorable) or increasing (unfavorable) the decision-making power of employees. The task-motivated style leader experiences pride and satisfaction in the task accomplishment for the organization, while the relationship-motivated style seeks to build interpersonal relations and extend extra help for the team development in the organization. There is no good or bad leadership style. Each person has his or her own preferences for leadership. Task-motivated leaders are at their best when the group performs successfully such as achieving a new sales record or outperforming the major competitor. Relationship-oriented leaders are at their best when greater customer satisfaction is gained and a positive company image is established. Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership theory is based on the amount of direction (task behaviour) and amount of socio-emotional support (relationship behaviour) a leader must provide given the situation and the level of maturity of the followers. Task behaviour is the extent to which the leader engages in spelling out the duties and responsibilities to an individual or group. In task behaviour the leader engages in one-way communication. Relationship behaviour is the extent to which the leader engages in two-way or multi-way communications. This includes listening, facilitating, and supportive behaviours. In relationship behaviour the leader engages in two-way communication by providing socio-emotional support. Maturity is the willingness and ability of a person to take responsibility for directing his or her own behaviour. People tend to have varying degrees of maturity, depending on the specific task, function, or objective that a leader is attempting to accomplish through th eir efforts. To determine the appropriate leadership style to use in a given situation, the leader must first determine the maturity level of the followers in relation to the specific task that the leader is attempting to accomplish through the effort of the followers. As the level of followers maturity increases, the leader should begin to reduce his or her task behavior and increase relationship behaviour until the followers reach a moderate level of maturity. As the followers begin to move into an above average level of maturity, the leader should decrease not only task behaviour but also relationship behaviour. Houses Path-Goal Model The path-goal theory developed by Robert House is based on the expectancy theory of motivation. The managers job is viewed as coaching or guiding workers to choose the best paths for reaching their goals. Best is judged by the accompanying achievement of organizational goals. It is based on the precepts of goal setting theory and argues that leaders will have to engage in different types of leadership behavior depending on the nature and demands of the particular situation. It is the leaders job to assist followers in attaining goals and to provide direction and support needed to ensure that their goals are compatible with the organizations. A leaders behaviour is acceptable to subordinates when viewed as a source of satisfaction and motivational when need satisfaction is contingent on performance, and the leader facilitates, coaches and rewards effective performance. Path goal theory identifies achievement-oriented, directive, participative and supportive leadership styles. In achievement-oriented leadership, the leader sets challenging goals for followers, expects them to perform at their highest level, and shows confidence in their ability to meet this expectation. This style is appropriate when the follower suffers from lack of job challenge. In directive leadership, the leader lets followers know what is expected of them and tells them how to perform their tasks. This style is appropriate when the follower has an ambiguous job. Participative leadership involves leaders consulting with followers and asking for their suggestions before making a decision. This style is appropriate when the follower is using improper pr ocedures or is making poor decisions. In supportive leadership, the leader is friendly and approachable. He or she shows concern for followers psychological well being. This style is appropriate when the followers lack confidence. Path-Goal theory assumes that leaders are flexible and that they can change their style, as situations require. Effective leaders clarify the path to help their followers achieve their goals and make the journey easier by reducing roadblocks and pitfalls. Research demonstrates that employee performance and satisfaction are positively influenced when the leader compensates for the shortcomings in either the employee or the work setting. Leadership plays an important role in ones life. If one is a business owner he needs to be a leader in the field of your business. To be a successful leader, one must demonstrates some or all of the following characteristics: The ability to listen: Most leaders do too much talking but not enough listening. Feedbacks to a persons company services or products are important to that person as they demonstrate the customers needs. The ability to acknowledge and change: This is probably the hardest part to do. People often refuse to change. They believe their services or products are the best, which, theres nothing wrong with that. But when there are feedbacks coming from customers you have to listen, then acknowledge them and make changes to provide better customer service. The ability to form one-on-one relationships: People will need to be able to reach you. If you are just starting a business its especially important for you to be able to spend some time to get to know your customers, and/or employees. If you do that, over time, you will develop a strong trust between you and your customers. Successful people make sure they surround themselves with like-minded people. Im not saying millionaires should just ignore the poor. But you need to spend time to communicate with like-minded people. You cannot survive by yourself, and by interacting with others you can motivate others or give others a chance to motivate you. The ability to know yourself: It is very important to know what youre best at, and what your weaknesses are. A business is a team sport. Often one cannot handle all the aspects of a business and need to know when to seek for assistance. Successful people refuse to let other people dictate how they should do certain things. We are not living under someone elses shadow. We must take control and ownership of our lives and careers and never let go. The ability to communicate: Communication is really very important. Even if you are running a home online business and you use email as a communication channel. Down the road, you might want to do a video to promote your company. You might receive TV interviews. Its never too late to practice your presentation and communication skills. Successful people display high levels of optimism and confidence. They believe in themselves and they are not afraid of failures. They see every obstacle as a stepping-stone to their success. They turn challenges into motivators and become their advantages. People who are successful are the ones who are passionate at what they do. People who are successful are the ones who develop high levels of patience and dedication to see the results. http://ezinearticles.com/?Top-10-Characteristics-of-a-Successful-Leaderid=1552997 Characteristics of Successful and Effective Leadership It is not only inborn personality traits that are important but also styles and behaviours that a person learns. Strong autocratic leaders set their goals without considering the opinions of their followers, and then command their followers to execute their assigned tasks without question. Consultative leaders solicit the opinions and ideas of their followers in the goal-setting process but ultimately determine important goals and task assignments on their own. Democratic or participative leaders participate equally in the process with their followers and let the group make decisions. Extremely laid-back leaders, so called laissez-faire leaders, let the group take whatever action its members feel is necessary. A research team at the University of Michigan, inspired and led by Renis Likert, studied leadership for several years and identified two distinct styles, which they referred to as job-centered and employee-centered leadership styles. The job-centered leader closely supervises subordinates to make sure they perform their tasks following the specified procedures. This type of leader relies on reward, punishment, and legitimate power to influence the behaviour of followers. The employee-centered leader believes that creating a supportive work environment ultimately is the road to superior organizational performance. The employee-centered leader shows great concern about the employees emotional well-being, personal growth and development, and achievement. A leadership study group at Ohio State University, headed by Harris Fleishman, found similar contrasts in leadership style, which they referred to as initiating structure and consideration. The leadership style of initiating structure is similar to the job-centered leadership style, whereas consideration is similar to the employee-centered leadership style. It was the initial expectation of both research groups that a leader who could demonstrate both high initiating structure (job centered) and high consideration (employee centered) would be successful and effective in all circumstances. Many students of leadership today believe that there is no one best way to lead, believing instead that appropriate leadership styles vary depending on situations. Fred Fiedler (1967), for instance, believes that a task-oriented leadership style is appropriate when the situation is either extremely favorable or extremely unfavorable to the leader. A favorable situation exists when the relationship between the leader and followers is good, their tasks are well-defined, and the leader has strong power; when the opposite is true, an unfavorable situation exists. When the situation is moderately favorable, a people-oriented leadership style is appropriate. Some theorists suggest that situational factors—the type of task, nature of work groups, formal authority system, personality and maturity level of followers, experience, and ability of followers—are critical in determining the most effective leadership style. For instance, when followers are inexperienced and lack maturi ty and responsibility, the directive leadership style is effective; when followers are experienced and willing to take charge, supportive leadership is effective. (http://www.answers.com/topic/leadership) Experiment: Diffusion Coefficient of NaCl in water Experiment: Diffusion Coefficient of NaCl in water Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to determine the diffusion coefficient of NaCl in distilled water. Diffusion is an important property of many materials. Its importance is more significant than ever, where the transfer and distribution of materials is involved and quantitative values are needed to be determined. Results Measurement taken every 30 seconds, conductivity @ time 0 = 0.294mS Temperature ( °C) TIME (Minutes) Conductivity (S) Temperature ( °C) TIME (Minutes) Conductivity (S) 31.9 0.5 0.287 32 8 0.375 31.9 1 0.273 32 8.5 0.374 31.9 1.5 0.272 32.1 9 0.372 31.9 2 0.289 32.1 9.5 0.379 31.9 2.5 0.407 32.2 10 0.374 31.9 3 0.383 32.2 10.5 0.388 31.9 3.5 0.384 32.2 11 0.387 31.9 4 0.381 32.2 11.5 0.383 31.9 4.5 0.374 32.2 12 0.389 31.9 5 0.374 32.2 12.5 0.39 31.9 5.5 0.38 32.3 13 0.388 32 6 0.371 32.3 13.5 0.394 32 6.5 0.371 32.3 14 0.396 32 7 0.371 32.3 14.5 0.389 32 7.5 0.371 32.3 15 0.388 Temperature ( °C) TIME (Minutes) Conductivity (S) 32.4 16 0.41 32.4 17 0.418 32.5 18 0.42 32.5 19 0.432 32.6 20 0.441 32.6 21 0.446 32.7 22 0.447 32.7 23 0.449 32.7 24 0.447 32.8 25 0.445 32.8 26 0.456 32.9 27 0.465 32.9 28 0.467 33 29 0.467 33 30 0.463 Conductivity measurements taken every 1 minute. The results of the conductivity measured were then plotted against time on the following graph. The equation of a line is included as well as the coefficient of determination value. A trendline is fitted to the as a line of best fit as the data points are not exactly in linear form. Calculations Calculating the diffusivity of NaCl in water. The following equation will be used to calculate this, specifically it is the calculation of which is the diffusivity of A in B. ) dCa/dt is the diffusion coefficient and this value is the slope of conductivity Vs. time graph above. A = the area through which mass transfer occurs DAB = diffusion coefficient of A in B CA1 = the concentration of the saline solution inside the diffusion cell. CA2 = the concentration of salt in the bulk solution within the diffusion tank. Z = diffusion path length = 5 mm V= Diffusion tank volume The following calculation is of the total area of the pores in the diffusion cell where the NaCl will transfer into the water. A = Area of Diffusion Cell D = pore diameter = 1mm N = number of pores = 317  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A = 2.489 -10-4m2 Water was added to the diffusion tank to height of 170mm. This value along with the tanks cross sectional area (14.4 10-3 m2 were used to calculate the volume of the diffusion tank. Calculation of diffusion tank volume= 14.4 10-3 m2 0.170m = 2.448m3 3 values were chosen for the conductivity (concentration of salt in the water in the diffusion tank) from the graph for the calculation of DAB. 0.374 S/cm 0.410 S/cm 0.456 S/cm ) From the slope of the graph: A= 2.489 -10-4m2 mS mS Z = diffusion path length = 5 mm V= 2.448m3 Substituting each of the values into the above equation gives: Rearranging for :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Average value of diffusivity of NaCl in water. Average Average = Questions To determine the accuracy of the measured value achieved in the experiment, a reference value is required. The reference value for the diffusivity of NaCl in water is 1.9910-9 m2/s   @ 37 °C.(1) Taking the temperatures of the 3 conductivity readings that were used in the calculation of   Ã‚   they were averaged to adjust against the reference value. 1. 0.374= 32.2 °C 2.0.410=32.4 °C 3. 0.456 =32.8 °C Average temp =32.5 °C Reference value temperature = 37 °C An approximate temperature coefficient value of 2%/ °C can be used to adjust the conductivity value of the measured value relative to the conductivity of the reference value. 2 4.5= 9 Adjusting the measured value to the same temperature of the reference value will give us = Adjusted Diffusivity Value Difference between 2 values = 1.675   10-6 A much higher rate of diffusion was achieved on this occasion compared the reference value of the rate of diffusion of NaCl in water. Discussion It is well known that a change in the temperature of a solution will result in the change of conductivity. An increase in temperature results in an increase in conductivity. The increase that is observed is as a result of a number of factors. Firstly, the increase in temperature can cause ionic compounds to split resulting in an increasing number of ions in the solution. So in this experiment the diffusivity of NaCl in H2O, the NaCl compound will break apart resulting in Na and Cl ions surrounded by H2O molecules. As the NaCl (in water it is classed as an electrolyte) dissolves (diffuses) charged ions (Na and Cl) are formed that can carry charge. Secondly, the increasing temperature of a solution can result in a lower viscosity. This in turn increases ion mobility throughout the H2O, which further increases the ability of the ions to carry the charge throughout the solution and therefore increases conductivity. These two factors highlight the significance that temperature plays in the diffusivity of a compound in a solution. Not including the variation of temperature would certainly have affected the final value. The conductivity of the stock solution was given as 189.6 mS at 22 °C. This value wasnt adjusted to a more accurate temperature at which the experiment was performed at which was approximately between 32-33 °C. The measured value from the calculation of may not be completely accurate. The majority of substances that dissolve in a solvent such as NaCl in water already have diffusion coefficients predetermined which allows one to compare the accuracy of the measurement against. Diffusion coefficients are measured at specific temperatures because of the fact that there value is temperature dependent. If the experiment was not carried out at the reference diffusion coefficients temperature then a temperature compensation method may be used, which was the case in this experiment, where the measured value was adjusted to the reference value. Compensation methods include both linear and non-linear methods to adjust the conductivity value attained with a %/ °C value. However these methods are not completely accurate and it is preferable that a conductivity measurement be taken at the same temperature as the reference value. This is particularly true where highly accurate measurements are required. In this experiment no variation in temperature was assumed. To incorporate a variation in temperature one could use a temperature compensation method but as Ive mentioned this isnt entirely accurate. These factors are only likely to have relatively minor inaccuracies. Comparing the two values there are several orders of magnitude of a difference. Several factors have influenced this including errors in the actual apparatus for measuring the conductivity in the diffusion cell as well as the errors that occurred during the experiment. It can be seen from the early measurements of conductivity that something went wrong with one or more of the apparatuses as erroneous results were produced.   From the 4th to the 5th measurement there is a large jump in conductivity. This large sudden variation in conductivity was caused by an air bubble blocking the conductivity meter. The air bubble present in the diffusion cell gave the false conductivity measurement. This resulted in an outlier in the conductivity versus time graph. A trendline was fitted to the graph to allow the slope to be calculated as the outliers present result in a non-linear graph. Despite this trendline this large variation certainly affected the final measured value. From the point of view of the apparatus it does certainly have some limitations.   The heating element is at one end of the device and so it doesnt give a consistent dispersion throughout the tank as the side of the tank nearest the element would be of a slightly higher temperature than the rest of the tank. It is difficult to say how much this would affect the diffusivity but it is something to consider. Conclusion A quantitative value for the diffusivity of NaCl in water was determined. The calculated measured value attained was compared against a reference value and a large discrepancy was observed between the two values. The reasons for the discrepancy from an experimental and theoretical point of view have being outlined in the discussion. References: Barron, J. and Ashton, C. (2008) The Effect of Temperature on Conductivity Measurement, County Clare, Ireland. Lide, D.R. and Staff, L.D.R. (2007) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 88th edition (Crc handbook of chemistry and physics). 88th edn. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.